James 5:13-16 describes a ministry in behalf of the sick. There are many views regarding the passage: The Protestant view generally ignores the instructions; the Roman Catholic view is that of extreme unction (a service performed for those who are about to die);the dispensationalist view sometimes limits the promise to the Millennium; but the orthodox view claims the promise for the child of God, placing himself in the hands of his Creator.
The service enjoined in James 5 is not a practice to be performed in order to get a crowd, but is a simple ceremony designed for the quiet of the sick room. The elders read the passage in James 5, apply a few drops of oil on the head of the one who is sick, and then pray over him – asking God for healing, increased faith, and the forgiveness of sins. The word “sick” (verse 14) is a stronger word than the word “afflicted” (verse 13), and speaks of a more serious illness. Common illnesses should be made a matter of prayer, but more serious and chronic illnesses should lead us to call for the anointing by the elders of the church.
The anointing symbolizes the fact that the one who is sick is placing the entire situation into the hands of the Lord. He recognizes God’s plan, and he is content with the will of God, whatever that will happens to be. J. H. Moore, in the book Our Saturday Night, describes the anointing of a younger sister who was seriously ill. He describes the entire service, and then concludes, “She felt perfectly resigned to the will of God; she was back in the Potter’s hands, to be molded either for use in God’s house upon the earth, or for use in the great house beyond the stars.” While God promises special healing when the anointing is practiced, the entire service must be conducted “in the name of the Lord” — that is, within the context of His will.
The anointing does not set aside the fact that God uses doctors. God might use the doctor in answering the prayers of the elders of the church. The Good Samaritan (Luke 10) used medication (bound up the wounds and poured on oil), and Jesus commended him for it. God can heal with medication or without it. It seems He does it differently on different occasions.